Perintah Dasar Linux (Debian)

Manajemen File

Perintah	Deskripsi	Contoh Penggunaan
ls	List directory. Melihat isi folder.	ls -l (detail), ls -a (hidden)
cd	Change directory. Pindah folder.	cd /etc/network, cd .. (kembali)
mkdir	Make directory. Membuat folder baru.	mkdir data_sekolah
cp	Copy. Menyalin file/folder.	cp file.txt /home/
mv	Move. Memindahkan atau rename file.	mv file.txt data.txt
rm	Remove. Menghapus file.	rm file.txt, rm -rf folder/
nano	Text editor CLI paling umum.	nano /etc/network/interfaces
cat	Melihat isi file tanpa membuka editor.	cat /etc/resolv.conf
chmod	Mengubah permission file.	chmod 777 script.sh
chown	Mengubah kepemilikan (owner) file.	chown www-data:www-data index.html

Konfigurasi Jaringan

Perintah	Deskripsi	Contoh Penggunaan
ip a	Cek IP Address (pengganti ifconfig).	ip a
nano /etc/network/interfaces	Edit konfigurasi IP statis/dinamis.	nano /etc/network/interfaces
systemctl restart networking	Restart service network (Debian).	systemctl restart networking
/etc/init.d/networking restart	Restart network (cara lama/SysVinit).	/etc/init.d/networking restart
ping	Cek koneksi ke host lain.	ping 8.8.8.8, ping google.com
ip route	Cek tabel routing/gateway.	ip route show
nslookup	Cek DNS resolve (perlu install dnsutils).	nslookup tkj.web.id
resolv.conf	File konfigurasi DNS Resolver.	nano /etc/resolv.conf

Manajemen User

Perintah	Deskripsi	Contoh Penggunaan
adduser	Tambah user baru (lebih interaktif).	adduser siswa
useradd	Tambah user manual (tanpa home dir).	useradd -m siswa
deluser	Hapus user.	deluser siswa
passwd	Ganti password user.	passwd root
su	Switch User. Pindah user.	su - (jadi root), su siswa
whoami	Cek user yang sedang aktif.	whoami
sudo	Menjalankan perintah sebagai root.	sudo apt update

Informasi Sistem & Paket

Perintah	Deskripsi	Contoh Penggunaan
apt update	Update daftar paket repository.	apt update
apt install	Install aplikasi/paket baru.	apt install apache2
apt remove	Hapus aplikasi.	apt remove apache2
systemctl status	Cek status service berjalan/mati.	systemctl status bind9
htop / top	Task manager. Cek penggunaan CPU/RAM.	htop
df -h	Cek sisa kapasitas harddisk.	df -h
free -h	Cek penggunaan RAM.	free -h
reboot	Restart komputer.	reboot
poweroff	Mematikan komputer.	poweroff
history	Melihat riwayat perintah yang diketik.	history

Perintah Jaringan Lanjutan

# Cek semua interface dan IP
ip addr show
ip -br addr

# Tambah IP sementara
ip addr add 192.168.1.100/24 dev eth0

# Hapus IP
ip addr del 192.168.1.100/24 dev eth0

# Tambah route
ip route add 10.0.0.0/8 via 192.168.1.1

# Lihat routing table
ip route show

# Monitor koneksi aktif
ss -tulnp
netstat -tulnp

# Cek port terbuka
nmap -sV localhost

Manajemen Service (systemd)

# Status service
systemctl status nginx

# Start/stop/restart
systemctl start apache2
systemctl stop apache2
systemctl restart apache2

# Enable/disable (otomatis start)
systemctl enable ssh
systemctl disable telnet

# Lihat semua service aktif
systemctl list-units --type=service --state=running

# Reload konfigurasi tanpa restart
systemctl reload nginx

# Log service
journalctl -u nginx -f
journalctl -u apache2 --since "1 hour ago"

Manajemen File dan Direktori

# Navigasi
ls -la          # list dengan permission
cd /etc         # pindah direktori
pwd             # lokasi sekarang

# Buat/hapus
mkdir -p /srv/data/tkj   # buat direktori
rm -rf /tmp/old          # hapus direktori
cp -r /src /dst          # copy rekursif
mv file.txt /tmp/        # pindah file

# Cari file
find /etc -name "*.conf"
find / -type f -name "sshd_config"
locate nginx.conf

# Lihat isi file
cat /etc/hosts
less /var/log/syslog
head -20 /var/log/auth.log
tail -f /var/log/syslog  # real-time

Permission dan Ownership

# Lihat permission
ls -la

# Ubah permission (numeric)
chmod 755 /var/www/html
chmod 600 ~/.ssh/id_rsa
chmod -R 644 /srv/samba/public

# Ubah ownership
chown www-data:www-data /var/www/html
chown -R ftpuser:ftpuser /home/ftpuser

# Mode permission:
# r=4, w=2, x=1
# 755 = rwxr-xr-x (owner: rwx, group: r-x, other: r-x)
# 644 = rw-r--r-- (owner: rw-, group: r--, other: r--)
# 600 = rw------- (owner: rw-)

Text Processing

# grep — cari teks
grep "error" /var/log/syslog
grep -r "ServerName" /etc/apache2/
grep -i "failed" /var/log/auth.log   # case insensitive
grep -n "Port" /etc/ssh/sshd_config  # tampilkan nomor baris

# sed — stream editor
sed -i 's/old/new/g' file.txt        # replace teks
sed -n '10,20p' file.txt             # print baris 10-20

# awk
awk '{print $1}' access.log          # print kolom pertama
awk -F: '{print $1}' /etc/passwd     # print username

# cut
cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd              # ambil field pertama

Package Management

# Debian/Ubuntu (apt)
apt update                    # update daftar paket
apt upgrade                   # upgrade semua paket
apt install nginx             # install paket
apt remove nginx              # hapus paket
apt purge nginx               # hapus + konfigurasi
apt autoremove                # hapus dependensi tidak terpakai
apt search bind               # cari paket
dpkg -l                       # list paket terinstall
dpkg -i package.deb           # install dari file .deb

# CentOS/RHEL (yum/dnf)
yum install httpd
dnf install nginx
rpm -qa                       # list semua paket

User dan Group Management

# Tambah user
useradd -m -s /bin/bash username
passwd username

# Tambah ke group
usermod -aG sudo username
usermod -aG www-data username

# Hapus user
userdel -r username    # -r hapus home dir

# Info user
id username
groups username
whoami

# Ganti ke user lain
su - username
sudo -i    # ke root

# Lihat semua user
cat /etc/passwd
getent passwd

Cron Job

# Edit crontab user
crontab -e

# Format: menit jam hari bulan hari-minggu perintah
# Contoh:
0 2 * * * /usr/bin/apt update           # Update apt jam 2 pagi setiap hari
30 6 * * 1-5 /home/user/backup.sh       # Backup jam 6:30 Senin-Jumat
*/15 * * * * /usr/local/bin/check.sh    # Setiap 15 menit
0 0 1 * * /scripts/monthly.sh           # Tanggal 1 setiap bulan

# Lihat crontab
crontab -l

# Hapus crontab
crontab -r

# System cron
ls /etc/cron.d/
ls /etc/cron.daily/